CHAPTER 36: MIGRATION OF ALLAH’S MESSENGER FROM MAKKAH TO MADINAH ALONG WITH ABU BAKR AS-SIDDIQ
MIGRATION OF ALLAH’S MESSENGER FROM MAKKAH TO MADINAH ALONG WITH ABU BAKR AS-SIDDIQ
Al-Bukhari related from Ibn ‘Abbas that: Allah’s Messenger started receiving the Divine Revelation at the age of forty. Then he stayed in Makkah for thirteen years, receiving the Divine Revelation. Then he was ordered to migrate and he lived as an Emigrant for ten years and then died at the age of sixty-three (years).”
Ibn Ishaq related that when Abu Bakr requested the permission of Allah’s Messenger, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, to migrate, he told him: “Don’t be in haste, perhaps Allah will grant you a companion.” Abu Bakr hoped the Messenger of Allah was referring to himself. So he bought two camels, tied them in his house and fed them in preparation for that purpose.
Ibn Ishaq related that it has been narrated to me from ‘Urwah Ibn Az-Zubair that ‘A’ishah, the Mother of the Believers, said: Allah’s Messenger never used to come to the house of Abu Bakr at any time of the day except at its two edges – in the early morning and evening times. However, on the day Allah permitted him to migrate and leave Makkah, Allah’s Messenger came to us at an hour he never used to come.
She continued: When Abu Bakr saw him, he said: “Whatever has brought Allah’s Messenger at this time of the day must be an urgent occurrence.” When the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, entered, Abu Bakr offered him his seat and the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, sat down. There was no one with Abu Bakr other than myself and my sister, Asma’ Bint Abu Bakr. The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said: “Let everyone with you in the house go out.” “O Allah’s Messenger, may my mother and father be sacrificed for you, there are no one other than my two daughters.
What has happened?” Abu Bakr asked. Allah’s Messenger, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said: “Allah has permitted me to leave and migrate.”
‘A’ishah continued: Abu Bakr asked him: “May I accompany you, O Messenger of Allah?” “Yes, you will accompany me.” The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said. ‘A’ishah said: Prior to that day, I never realize that anyone would weep out of extreme joy until I saw Abu Bakr weep that day. Then he said: “O Prophet of Allah, here are two camels. I have been preparing them for this (journey).” They hired ‘Abdullah Ibn Arqat (as a guide on the way).
Ibn Hisham related that he is also referred to as ‘Abdullah Ibn Uraiqit, a polytheist from Banu Ad-Deel Ibn Bakr. His mother was from Banu Sahm Ibn ‘Amr. They gave the camels to him to tend until the appointed date.
Abu Nu‘aim narrated through Ibrahim Ibn Sa‘d from Muhammad Ibn Ishaq, who said: It reached me that Allah’s Messenger, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, made the following supplication when he left Makkah and migrated to Madinah: “Praise be to Allah Who created me though I was nothing. O Allah, help me bear the might of the word, the vicissitudes of time and the calamities of the night and days. O Allah, accompany me on my journey and replace me in my family and bless me in what You have provided me. To You I am humble and in my good character, keep me steadfast. Make me, O Lord, beloved to Yourself, do not leave me to the people. You are the Lord of the oppressed and my Lord. I seek refuge in Your Noble Countenance by which the heavens and the Earth were illuminated, by which the darkness was dispelled, and on which the affairs of the first and the last (of the mankind) were put in order. I seek refuge from your anger befalling me and Your displeasure overtaking me. I seek refuge in You from the withdrawal of Your bounty and the suddenness of Your vengeance, from the removal of Your blessing and the coming of Your wrath. And there is no power or might except in You.”
Then they proceeded to the Cave of Thawr, a mountain at the lower end of Makkah and both of them entered it. Abu Bakr As-Siddiq ordered his son, ‘Abdullah, to eavesdrop on what the people say about both of them in the daytime and report to them during the night whatever news he had garnered that day. He also ordered Amir Ibn Fuhairah, his freed slave, to graze his sheep in the daytime and drive them toward them both in the cave toward the end of the day. ‘Abdullah Ibn Abu Bakr would stay among the Quraish during the day eavesdropping on whatever they might say about Allah’s Messenger, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, and Abu Bakr, and then would bring the news to them.
Ibn Ishaq related: Asma’ Bint Abu Bakr, may Allah be pleased with her, would bring food to them both, when it was dark. Asma’ narrated: When Allah’s Messenger and Abu Bakr left, a group of the Quraish came to us among whom were Abu Jahl. They stood at Abu Bakr’s door and I came out to meet them. They asked: “Where is Abu Bakr, O daughter of Abu Bakr?” I said to them: “I do not know where my father is.” Then Abu Jahl raised his hand and gave me a slap so violently that my earring fell off and then they left.
Al-Baihaqi related: Muhammad Ibn Seereen narrated to me that some men remiscised during the time of ‘Umar and it appeared that they preferred ‘Umar over Abu Bakr. When that reached ‘Umar he said: “By Allah, a night of Abu Bakr is better than the entire nights of the family of ‘Umar. One day of Abu Bakr is better than the entire days of the family of ‘Umar. Allah’s Messenger, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, had set out on the night departed for the Cave of Thawr. On the way, Abu Bakr would walk in front of Allah’s Messenger, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, and at another time he would walk behind him until it became noticeable to the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, and he said: “O Abu Bakr, why do you walk at one time behind me and in my front at another?” Abu Bakr said: “O Messenger of Allah, the thought of a trailing scout occurred to me, so I walk behind you and then, when the thought of an ambush occurs to me, I switch to your front.” Then the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said: “O Abu Bakr, if there was a dangerous occurrence would you have preferred that you were afflicted other than me?” “Yes, I swear by the One Who sent you with the Truth, no calamity would befall except that I would prefer to be its recipient rather than you.” When we got to the cave, Abu Bakr said: “Stay where you are, O Messenger of Allah, so that I may check that the cave is free (of danger).” So Abu Bakr entered and searched the cave. When he got to its pinnacle, he told him, “You have not checked the burrow.” Again
Abu Bakr said: “Stay in your place, O Messenger of Allah, till I check the burrow.” He checked it and then said: “You may descend into it now, O Messenger of Allah. Then the Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, went in. ‘Umar then added: “I swear by Him in Whose Hands is my soul, that single night of Abu Bakr is far better
than that of the family of ‘Umar.”
Imam Ahmad related that Ibn ‘Abbas said concerning the statement of Allah: “And (remember) when the disbelievers plotted against you (O Muhammad) to imprison you, or to kill you, or to get you out (from your home, i.e. Makkah); they were plotting and Allah too was planning, and Allah is the Best of the planners.” (Surah Al-Anfal 8:30)
One night, during the deliberation of the Quraish in Makkah, one of them said: “In the morning, we should enshackle him (i.e. the Prophet).” Another person suggested: “Rather, we should kill him.” A third person said: “We should expel him.” Allah revealed their plot to His Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, so ‘Ali slept in the bed of Allah’s Messenger, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, that night. The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, left the house and sometime later he entered the cave.
The Quraish spent the night keeping watch over ‘Ali thinking that it was the Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him. In the morning, they swarmed in on him and found ‘Ali instead. Thus, Allah frustrated their plots. They barked at ‘Ali: “Where is your Companion?!” “I do not know,” ‘Ali said. They traced his track till it led them to the mountain and they became confused. They climbed the mountain. When they passed by the cave they saw spider web at its entrance. They said: “Had anybody entered through here, there wouldn’t be spider web at the entrance of the cave.” They (the Messenger of Allah and Abu Bakr) remained there for three nights. The chain of this narrations is hasan and it is the best of what is related concerning the story of the spider web at the entrance of the cave. This is also from Allah’s protection for His Messenger. Allah, Most High, says: “If you help him (Muhammad) not (it does not matter), for Allah did indeed help him when the disbelievers drove him out, the second of two, when they (Muhammad and Abu Bakr) were in the cave, and he said to his Companion (Abu Bakr): ‘Be not sad (or afraid), surely Allah is with us’.” Then Allah sent down His Sakinah (calmness, tranquility, help and peace, etc.) upon him, and strengthened him with forces (angels) which you saw not, and made the word of those who disbelieved the lowermost, while it was the Word of Allah that became the uppermost, and Allah is Almighty, All-Wise.” (Soorah At-Tawbah 9:40)
Allah (SWT) says about upraiding those who lagged behind from joining the Messenger of Allah in Jihad: “If you help him (Muhammad) not,” Allah (SWT) will help him, strengthen him and make him triumph as He has done before: ‘when the disbelievers
drove him out, ‘when the people of Makkah were arrayed in war against him while there was no one with him other than his Companion, Abu Bakr. Thus Allah says: “The second of two,” that is, when they escaped to the cave and remained there three days so as to douse the quest for them. When the polytheists could not find both of them, they set out in their trail in every direction promising one hundred camels for whoever is able to bring them back. They followed their trails until it became confusing to them.
The one who followed their trail on behalf of the Quraish was Suraqah Ibn Malik Ibn Ju‘tham. They climbed the mountain of Thawr and they kept going back and forth the entrance of the cave next to their feet but they did not see them. This is a protection from Allah for both of them as related by Imam Ahmad from Anas Ibn Malik that Abu Bakr narrated to him: “I said to the Messenger of Allah while we were in the cave, ‘if anyone of them were to look toward his feet, (he would discover us).’ He replied: ‘O Aba Bakr, what do you think about two people whose third is Allah (SWT)?”
Al-Bukhari related that ‘A’ishah, the wife of the Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said: “I do not remember my parents believing in any religion other than the Religion (of Islam), and our being visited by Allah’s Messenger, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, in the morning and in the evening. When the Muslims were put to test (i.e. troubled by the pagans), Abu Bakr set out migrating to the land of Ethiopia, and when he reached Bark Al-Ghimad, Ibn Ad-Daghinah, the wife of the chief of the tribe of Qarah, mentioned how he caused Abu Bakr’s return to Makkah and his offer to protect him as we have mentioned in the section of the migration to Abyssinia up to when Abu Bakr said: “I am repudiating your protection. I am pleased with the protection of Allah (SWT).”
She continued: At that time, Allah’s Messenger, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, was still in Makkah. The Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said to the Muslims: “I have been shown the land of your migration. It is a land suffused with date-palms located between two volcanic mountains.” The two mountains are basalt rocks. Some people migrated toward Madinah and some of those who had migrated toward Abyssinia also returned to Madinah. Allah’s Messenger, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said (to Abu Bakr): “Take it easy for I also hope that I will be given permission.” Abu Bakr said: “May my father be sacrificed for you, do you really hope for that?” The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, replied: “Yes.” So, Abu Bakr restrained himself with the hope that he would accompany him. He fed the two camels with him (in readiness the impending journey)
on the leaves of As-Samur tree regularly for four months. Some mentioned that he fed them for six months.
Ibn Shihab related: Abdur Rahman Ibn Malik Al-Mudliji who was a nephew of Suraqah narrated to me that his father informed him that he heard Suraqah Ibn Malik Ibn Ju‘thum saying: “The messengers of the polytheists of Quraish came to us announcing that they had assigned for the persons who would kill or arrest Allah’s Messenger and Abu Bakr, a reward equal to their blood money. While I was sitting in one of the gatherings of my tribe, Bani Mudlij, a man from them came to us and stood up while we were sitting, and said, “O Suraqah! Verily, I have just seen some people far away on the
seashore, and I think they are Muhammad and his Companions.” Suraqah added, “I too realized that it must have been them. But I said ‘No, it is not them, but you have seen so-and-so, and so-and-so whom we saw when they set out.’
“I remained in the gathering for a while and then got up and left for my home. I ordered my slave-girl to get my horse which was behind a hillock, and keep it ready for me. Then I took my spear and left by the back door of my house dragging the lower end of the spear on the ground and keeping it low. Then I reached my horse, mounted it and
made it gallop.
“When I approached them (i.e. Muhammad and Abu Bakr), my horse stumbled and I fell down from it. Then I stood up, got hold of my quiver and took out the divining arrows and drew lots as to whether I should harm them (i.e. Muhammad and Abu Bakr) or not, and the lot which I disliked came out. But I mounted my horse again and let it gallop, giving no importance to the divining arrows. When I heard the recitation of the Qur’an by Allah’s Messenger who did not look hither and thither while Abu Bakr was doing it often, suddenly the forelegs of my horse sank into the ground up to the knees, and I fell down from it. Then I rebuked it and it got up but could hardly take
out its forelegs from the ground, and when it stood up straight again, its forelegs caused dust to rise up in the sky like smoke.
Then again I drew lots with the divining arrows, and the lot which I disliked came out. So I called upon them to feel secure. They stopped, and I mounted my horse once again and went to them. When I saw how I had been hampered from harming them, it came to my mind that the cause of Allah’s Messenger (i.e. Islam) will become victorious. So I said to him, “Your people have assigned a reward equal to the blood money for your head.” Then I told them all the plans the people of Makkah had made concerning them. Then I offered them some food and goods for the journey but they refused to take anything and did not ask for anything except that they said, “Do not tell others about us.” Then I requested him to write for me a statement of security and peace. He ordered ‘Amir Ibn Fuhairah who wrote it for me on a parchment, and then Allah’s Messenger, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, proceeded.”
When Suraqah turned away from them, he kept turning back everyone who was in the trail of Allah’s Messenger, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, and his Companion. He would say to them: “You don’t need to check this route.” When it became clear that Allah’s Messenger, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, had
arrived in Madinah, Suraqah began to recount to people the story of his encounter with the Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, and his kind treatment of him. This story became so popular that the leaders of the Quraish were apprehensive that it would cause many people to accept Islam. Meanwhile, Suraqah was the leader and chief of Banu Mudlij, so Abu Jahl, may Allah’s curse be upon him, wrote to him a verse of poem:
O Banu Mudlij, I fear that you may be deluded
By Suraqah who is bent upon aiding Muhammad
Beware of him so that he may not dismember your ranks
And then you become disunited sequel to your having authority and
dominance
Suraqah also composed a poem in response to Abu Jahl’s:
O Abu Hakam, by Allah, if you had witnessed
The spectacle of my steed as its shanks sank
You will marvel and you will have no doubt that Muhammad
Is a Messenger and a proof and whoever can withstand him?
You may dissuade the people from (accepting) him but I
Imagine a day when his milestone shall become manifest
Al-Bukhari related with his chain of narrations linking up to Ibn Shihab (who said) ‘Urwah Ibn Az-Zubair narrated to me that Allah’s Messenger, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, met Az-Zubair in a caravan of Muslim merchants who were returning from Sham. Az-Zubair provided Allah’s Messenger, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, and Abu Bakr with white clothes to wear. When the Muslims of Madinah heard the news of the departure of Allah’s Messenger, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, from Makkah (toward Madinah), they started going to the Harrah every morning.
They would wait for him till the heat of the noon forced them to return. One day, after waiting for a long while, they returned home, and when they went into their houses, a Jew climbed up the roof of one of the forts of his people to look for something, and he saw Allah’s Messenger, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, and his companions dressed in white clothes emerging out of the desert mirage.
The Jew could not help shouting at the top of his voice, “O Arabs! Here is your great man whom you have been waiting for!” So all the Muslims rushed to their arms and received Allah’s Messenger (peace and blessing of Allah be upon him) on the summit of Harra. The Prophet (peace and blessing of Allah be upon him) turned with them to the right and alighted at the quarters of Bani Amr Ibn ‘Awf, and this was on Monday in the month of Rabee ul-Awwal. Abu Bakr stood up, receiving the people while Allah’s Messenger (peace and blessing of Allah be upon him) sat down and kept silent.
Some of the Ansar who came and had not seen Allah’s Messenger (peace and blessing of Allah be upon him) before, began to greet Abu Bakr, but when the sunshine fell on Allah’s Messenger (peace and blessing of Allah be upon him) and Abu Bakr came forward and shaded him with his sheet only then did the people came to know Allah’s Messenger (peace and blessing of Allah be upon him). The Prophet (peace and blessing of Allah be upon him) stayed with Bani Amr Ibn ‘Awf for ten nights and established the mosque (mosque of Quba’) which was founded on piety. Allah’s Messenger (peace and
blessing of Allah be upon him) prayed in it and then mounted his she-camel and proceeded, accompanied by the people till his she-camel knelt down at (the place of) the Mosque of Allah’s Messenger at Madinah. Some Muslims used to pray there in those days, and that place was a yard for drying dates belonging to Suhail and Sahl, the orphan boys who were under the guardianship of As’ad Ibn Zurarah.
When his she-camel knelt down, Allah’s Messenger (peace and blessing of Allah be upon him) said, “This place, Allah willing, will be our abiding place.” Allah’s Messenger (peace and blessing of Allah be upon him) then called the two boys and told them to suggest a price for that yard so that he might take it as a mosque. The two boys said, “No, but we will give it as a gift, O Allah’s Messenger!” Allah’s Messenger (peace and blessing of Allah be upon him) then built a mosque there. The Prophet (peace and blessing of Allah be upon him) himself started carrying unburnt bricks for its building and while doing so, he was saying:
This load is better than the load of Khaibar, for it is more pious in the Sight of Allah and purer and better rewardable
He was also saying, “O Allah! The actual reward is the reward of the Hereafter, so bestow Your Mercy on the Ansar and the Muhajiroon.” Thus the Prophet (peace and blessing of Allah be upon him) recited (by way of proverb) the poem of some Muslim poet whose name is unknown to me. Ibn Shibab said: “In the Hadiths it does not occur that Allah’s Messenger (peace and blessing of Allah be upon him) recited a complete poetic verse other than this one.” This is Al-Bukhari’s wordings and he alone related to the exclusion of Muslim. The Hadith also has corroborations from other paths without the story of Umm Ma‘bad Al-Khuza‘iyyah.
Imam Ahmad related that Al-Bara’ narrated: Abu Bakr purchased a saddle from me for thirteen dirhams from A’Azib. Abu Bakr said to A’Azib: ‘Ask Al-Bara’ to carry this saddle to my residence’ and he said, “No, until you narrate to me what you both did on the night when you set out on a journey along with Allah’s Messenger. Abu Bakr then said: We set out during the night and went on walking until it was noon, and the path was lonely and so none passed by that (until) there appeared prominently before us a large rock. It had its shade and the rays of the sun did not reach that place. So we alighted at that place. I then went to the rock and leveled the ground with my hands at the place where the Messenger of Allah would take rest under its shade. I then set the bedding and said: ‘Allah’s Messenger, go to sleep.’ He went to sleep and I kept watch against possible scouts. Then I saw a shepherd moving toward that rock with his flock and he intended what we intended (I. e. taking rest). I met him and said to him: ‘Young boy, to whom do you belong?’ He said: ‘to a man from the Quraish.’ He mentioned his name and I recognized him. I said, is there any milk in the udders of your sheep and goats? He said: Yes. He took hold of a goat, and I said to him: Clean the udder well so that it should be free from dust and impurity.
He dusted his hands on my order and he milked the goat for me into a container I had with me. I mixed some water in the milk to make it cool and then came to Allah’s Messenger with it. I found that he had already awakened, so I said to him: ‘drink, O Allah’s Messenger.” He drank it till I was delighted and I said: “Is now not the time to move on?” so we proceeded while they were still pursuing us. No one caught up with us except Suraqah Ibn Malik Ibn Ju‘shum who was trailing us on his horse. I said: “O Allah’s Messenger, a scout has caught up with us.” Thereupon he said: “Do not worry, verily, Allah is with us.”
When Suraqah came close such that there was only a distance of the length of one, two or three spears, again I said: “O Allah’s Messenger, a scout has caught up with us.” Then I wept. Allah’s Messenger (peace and blessing of Allah be upon him) asked: “Why are you crying?” and I replied: “By Allah it is not the fear for myself that caused my weeping rather I am weeping because of you.” Then Allah’s Messenger supplicated against him saying: “O Allah suffice us with anything You wish.” Then the legs of his horse sank into quicksand up to its belly and he jumped off it. He said: “O Muhammad, I know that this is your handiwork but please supplicate to Allah to save me from my predicament and I take an oath that I shall turn away everyone who would come in search of you. Here is my quiver, pick an arrow out of it. You will come by my goats at such and such place; you may take from it as will satisfy your need.
Allah’s Messenger (peace and blessing of Allah be upon him) said to him: “No, I do not have any need for it.” So he (Allah’s Messenger) supplicated to Allah and he was rescued and he went back to his companions.
Allah’s Messenger (peace and blessing of Allah be upon him) proceeded until we reached Madinah and people came out on rooftops on his pathways to welcome him. The servants and children scattered into the streets while they were saying: “Allah is Great! Allah’s Messenger has arrived.” The people began to contend as to where Allah’s Messenger (peace and blessing of Allah be upon him) should reside. Allah’s Messenger (peace and blessing of Allah be upon him) said: “I will encamp with the tribe of Najjar, the maternal uncles of Abdul-Muttalib as a mark of honor for them.” In the morning, he then went to where he was commanded.
Al-Bara’ Ibn ‘Azib narrated: Mus’ab Ibn Umair, the brother of Banu Abdud-Dar and Ibn Umm Maktoom, the blind, a member of Banu Fihr were the first emigrants to come to us. Then there came Umar Ibn Al-Khattab along with twenty other Companions of the Messenger of Allah. We asked: “What happened to Allah’s Messenger?” “He is coming after me,” he answered. Later on the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessing of Allah be upon him) himself arrived (at Madinah) along with Abu Bakr. Al-Bara’ added: Before his arrival I had read a Surah from the Mufassal.” It is related in the two saheehs from the Hadith of Isra’eel without the statement of Al-Bara’: “The first of those who came to us” till the end.
Ibn Ishaq related: Then they set off. Abu Bakr took with him Amir Ibn Fuhairah, his freed slave, to serve them on the way. Asma’Bint Abi Bakr narrated: “When the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessing of Allah be upon him) and Abu Bakr had departed, Abu Jahl came to us with a group of Quraish…” and she narrated how he struck her on her cheek so violently that her earring fell off her ear as mentioned previously. She added: We remained for three nights without any news of the whereabout of Allah’s Messenger until a man from the Jinn came from the lower part of Makkah chanting some verses of Arab poems. People followed him to listen to his voice even without seeing him until he exited through the upper part of Makkah saying:
May the Lord of Mankind grant the best of His rewards
To the two Companions who rested in the two tents of Umm Ma’bad
They both alighted with righteous intent
And they set off by nightfall. May Muhammad’s Companion prosper
May the place of Banu Ka’b’s woman bring them luck
For she was a watch for the Muslims
Asma’ continued: When we heard his voice, we knew that Allah’s Messenger was heading toward Madinah.
There were four of them: Allah’s Messenger, Abu Bakr, Amir Ibn Fuhairah, the freed slave of Abu Bakr and Abdullah Ibn Arqad as related by Ibn Ishaq. However, the last person is popularly referred to as Abdullah Ibn Uraiqit Ad-Du’ili Ad-Dawlee and at that time he was a polytheist.
It has been previously mentioned from Ibn Abbas that Allah’s Messenger (peace and blessing of Allah be upon him) departed from Makkah on Monday and entered Madinah on Monday. The dominant view is that there were fifteen days between his departure from Makkah and his entrance of Madinah because he stayed in the cave of Thawr for three days and thereafter took to the route along the seashore which is the longest of the roads leading to Madinah. They passed through the place of Umm Ma’bad Bint Ka’b from Banu Ka’b Ibn Khuza’ah.
By Ibn Katheer
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