5. EFFECT OF CAMEL MILK ON OXIDATIVE STRESS IN DIABETES
Oxidative stress and its subsequent damage happen when antioxidant defense mechanisms fail to efficiently counter endogenous or exogenous sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increased oxidative stress may contribute to DM and to the development of vascular and neurologic complications of the disease . Thus, the control of ROS production is required for physiologic cell function. Reactive oxygen species in cells are neutralized by antioxidant defense mechanisms such as the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. The existence of hyperglycemia may induce the increased production of ROS
via non-enzymatic glycation, glucose autoxidation, and alterations in polyol pathway activity with subsequent influence on the whole organism . The most important indicators of oxidative stress are the increased level of lipid peroxidation products and in specific malondialdehyde.
Low levels of antioxidant enzymes increase the vulnerability to oxidative stress owing to reduced antioxidant defense mechanisms. This results in the damaging effects of free radicals that could have an essential role in DM. Furthermore, increased oxidative stress in diabetic patients reduces the
levels of nonenzymatic antioxidants such as glutathione, vitamin E, and vitamin C , which subsequently damages metabolic pathways and may contribute to the development of diabetic complications.
The protective effects of camel milk may be attributed to its antioxidant activity [52e55] and probably has chelating effects on toxicants . It has been reported that camel milk possesses high levels of vitamins (e.g., A, B2, C, and E) and is rich in mineral content (e.g., sodium, potassium, copper, magnesium, and zinc) . The aforementioned vitamins are antioxidants that are useful in preventing tissue injury associated with toxic agents such as STZ . In addition, the high minerals content in camel milk may act as antioxidant, and thereby remove free radicals [58e60]. Because camels prefer grazing on natural vegetation in particular, desert bushes, salty plants, and herbs their diet may provide some of the phytochemicals excreted in camel milk and give additional benefit to diabetic patients treated with camel milk.
El-Said et al evaluated the effect of camel milk on oxidative stress in induced diabetic rabbits. The diabetic rabbits group treated with camel milk showed significant improvements (p < 0.05) in the levels of malondialdehyde, catalase, and glutathione (5.6 ± 0.3 nmol/mL, 377.5 ± 4.2 U/L, and 10.1 ± 0.7 mg/dL, respectively), compared to untreated diabetic rabbits (8.7 ± 0.2 nmol/L, 204.7 ± 17.9 U/L, and 8.6 ± 0.6 mg/dL, respectively). Because SOD is decreased in diabetes as a result of its consumption during the conversion of superoxide anions into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which
prevents the cells from further generating free radicals. Camel milk showed the ability to increase SOD in diabetic rabbits , diabetic mice , and autistic children.
Source: Science Direct
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