2.1. SHIRK IN RUBOOBEEYAH
This category of shirk refers to either the belief that others share Allah’s lordship over creation as His equal or near equal, or to the belief that there exists no lord over creation at all. Most religious systems fall into the first sub-category of shirk in Ruboobeeyah while it is the philosophers and their man-made philosophies that tend to fill the second one.
1. Shirk by Association
Beliefs that exemplify shirk by association are ones in which a main God or Supreme Being over creation is recognized, though His dominion is shared by other lesser gods, spirits, mortals, heavenly bodies or earthly objects. Such belief systems are commonly referred to by theologians and philosophers as either monotheistic (having one god) or polytheistic (having more than one god). According to Islaam, all of these systems are polytheistic, and many represent various stages in the degeneration of divinely revealed religious systems, which were all originally based on tawheed.
Within Hinduism the Supreme Being, Brahman is conceived as indwelling, all-pervading, unchangeable and eternal, the abstract, impersonal Absolute, in which all things have their origin and end. On the other hand the god Brahma is the personified creator of the universe who forms a trinity with the preserver god,Vishnu And The Destroyer God,Shiva. Shirk in Ruboobeeyah isexpressed in Hinduism by the delegation of God’s creative, destructive and preservative powers to other gods.
Christian belief states that the one God reveals himself in the three persons of Father, Son (Jesus Christ) and Holy Spirit. These three persons are nevertheless regarded as a unity, sharing one ‘substance.’4 Prophet Jesus is elevated to divinity, sits on the right hand of God and judges the world. The Holy Spirit, which in the Hebrew Bible is the means by which God exercises His creative power, in Christian thought becomes a part of the God-head. Paul made the Holy Spirit the alter ego of Christ, the guide and help of Christians, first manifesting itself on the day of Pentecost. Consequently, Shirk in Ruboobeeyah occurs in the Christian belief that Jesus and the Holy Spirit are God’s partners in all of His dominion, in their belief that Jesus alone pronounces judgement on the world, and in their belief that Christians are helped and guided by the Holy Spirit.
Zoroastrians (Parsis) conceive of God, Ahura Mazda, as being the creator of all that is good, and is alone worthy of absolute worship. Fire is one of the seven creations of Ahura Mazda and is considered his son or representative. But they also commit Shirk in Ruboobeeyah by conceiving of evil, violence and death and being the creation of another god called Angra Mainyu whom they represent by the symbol darkness. Hence, God’s sovereignty over all creation (i.e. His ruboobeeyah) is shared with an evil spirit elevated to the level of an opposing god due to man’s desire not to attribute evil to God.
In the Yoruba religion, followed by over 10 million people in West Africa (mainly Nigeria), there is one supreme God, Olorius (Lord of Heaven) or Olodumare. Nevertheless, modern Yoruba religion is characterized by a great many forms of Orisha worship, so that it appears as strict polytheism. Consequently, Yorubas commit Shirk in Ruboobeeyah by turning over all of God’s functions to minor gods and spirits.
The Zulus of South Africa believe in one God, Unkulunkulu, meaning the ancient, the first, the most revered one. The principal specific titles for God are Nkosi yaphezulu (Lord of the Sky) and Muvelingqanqi (the first to appear). Their supreme Being is represented as a male, who along with the earth female, brings forth the human world. Thunder and lightning are in the Zulu religion acts of God, whereas sickness and other troubles in life may be caused by ancestors, the idlozi or abaphansi (those under the earth). The ancestors also protect, punish, or neglect the living, ask for food, are pleased with ritual and sacrifice, and take possession of fortune tellers(inyanga). Thus,Shirk in Ruboobeeyah occurs in the Zulu religion not only in their concept of the creation of the human world, but also in their attribution of good and evil in human life to the work of ancestral spirits.
Among some Muslims people, Shirk in Ruboobeeyah is manifested in their belief that the souls of saints and other righteous humans can affect the affairs of this world, even after their deaths. Their souls, it is believed, can fulfil one’s needs, remove calamities, and aid whoever calls on them. Thus grave worshippers assign to human souls the divine ability to cause events in this life which in fact only Allah can cause.
Common among many Sufis (Muslim mystics) is the belief in “Rijaal al- Ghayb”9 (men of the unseen) the chief of whom occupies the station called “ Qutub” from which the affairs of this world are governed.
2. Shirk by Negation
This sub-category represents the various philosophies and ideologies which deny the existence of God either explicitly or implicitly. That is, in some cases God’s non-existence is stated (atheism), while in other cases His existence is claimed, but the way in which He is conceived actually denies His existence (pantheism).
There are a few ancient religious systems in which God does not exist, foremost among them being the system attributed to Gautama Buddha. Buddhism, a reformist movement in Hinduism opposed to the caste system, was founded in the 6th century B.C. during the same period as Jainism. During the 3rd century B.C. it became the state religion. Eventually it was assimilated by Hinduism, Buddha himself becoming one of the avatars (incarnations of God). It disappeared from India but became dominant in China and other Eastern nations. Hinayana Buddhism (400-250 B.C.), the earlier and more strict of the two interpretations of Buddhism which arose after Gautama Buddha’s death, makes it clear that there is no God; hence the burden of salvation belongs to the individual alone ancient strain of Buddhism may be cited as an example of Shirk in Ruboobeeyah wherein God’s existence is explicitly denied.
Similarly, in the teachings of Jainism as systematized by Vardhamana, there is no God, but liberated souls achieve something of this status, having immortality and omniscience; and the religious community treats the liberated ones as though they were divine, building temples to them and venerating their images.
Another ancient example is that of the Pharaoh of Prophet Moses’ time. Allaah mentioned in the Quran that he negated the existence of God and claimed to Moses and the people of Egypt that he, Pharaoh, was the only true lord of all creation. Allah quoted him as saying to Moses,
“If you choose a god besides me, I will surely imprison you.”13 and to the people
“he proclaimed, ‘I am your Lord, the Most High.”14
In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries a number of European philosophers asserted the non-existence of God in what became known as the “death of God philosophy.” The German philosopher Philipp Mainlander (1841-1876) in his principal writing, The Philosophy of Redemption, 1876), states that the world begins with the death of God, since God is a principle of unity shattered in the plurality of the world and a principle of joy denied in the law of suffering which dominates the world. In Prussia, Friedrich Nietzsche (1844- 1900) supported the idea of the “death of God’’ proposing that God was nothing more than a projection of man’s uneasy conscience and that man was the bridge to superman.Jeal Paul Sartre, a French philosopher of the twentieth century, also echoed the “death of God” thought. He claimed that God could not exist because He was a contradiction in terms. The idea of God, according to him, is a projection which man must make, being what he is.
Darwin’s (d. 1882) proposal that man was merely a glorified ape was widely adopted in the theories of social scientists and philosophers of the nineteenth century as it provided a “scientific” basis for the non-existence of God. According to them religion evolved from animism to monotheism along with man’s supposed social evolution from an independent individual to a national state and his physical evolution from ape to man.
Evolutionists attempt to escape the questions surrounding creation by claiming that there was none, and by assigning Allaah’s attribute of being without beginning and end to matter itself which He has created. Present day holders of this belief are the followers of Karl Marx, Communists and scientific socialists, who claim that the origin of everything in existence is matter in motion. They further claim that God is a figment of man’s imagination, created by the ruling classes to justify their hereditary rule and divert the attention of the oppressed masses from the realities in which they live.
An example of this form of shirk among Muslims is that of many Sufis such as Ibn ‘Arabee, who claim that only Allah exists. (All is Allah, and Allah is all). They deny the separate identity of Allaah and thereby in fact deny His existence. This idea was also expressed in the 17th century by the Dutch Jewish philosopher, Baruch Spinoza, who claimed that God is the total of all parts of the universe including man.
By Bilal Philips
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