047- MUHAMMAD
MUHAMMAD
All scholars agree that Muhammad is a Madinan sūrah. Some maintain that it is early Madinan, with the exception of v. 13, which is reported to have been revealed during the Prophet’s migration from Makkah to Madinah and thus before the beginning of the Madinan period. It takes its name from the mention of Muhammad in v. 2, one of only four verses to mention him by name; the others are 3:144; 33:40; and 48:29. It is also known to some as al-Qitāl (“Fighting”; Suyūtī, Itqān), due to the criticism of those who shrink from the call to fight in the way of God in v. 20. The disease of hearts (vv. 20, 29) and the reasons for which God seals (v. 16) and locks (v. 24) them is an important theme of this surah, as is the true nature of human action. It therefore provides a subtle reflection upon the intrinsic connection between actions and belief or between deeds and the state of one’s heart.
The sūrah begins by distinguishing between the believers and the disbelievers with regard to the true nature of their deeds (vv. 1–3). An exhortation to fight the disbelievers (vv. 4–7) then segues into an examination of the state of disbelievers (vv. 8–10), followed by a comparison of the final ends of the believers and the disbelievers (vv. 11–15) that culminates in a stark contrast between what each group is given to drink in their final abode (v. 15). This contrast is followed by a more specific discussion of the manner in which the disbelievers react to the Prophet and the Quran (vv. 16–30). The discussion then focuses again upon the contrast between the believers and disbelievers, exhorting the believers to continue striving against the disbelievers (vv. 31–35). A final passage cautions against miserliness and enjoins the believers to spend in the way of God (vv. 36–38).
(source: “The Study Quran” a new translation and commentary by Seyyed Hossein Nasr)
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