038- ṢĀD
ṢĀD
Ṣād
Ṣād is a Makkan sūrah believed to have been revealed directly after Sūrah 54, al-Qamar. It takes its name from the opening letter, ṣād, one of the separated letters with which twenty-nine sūrahs begin. It also is known to some as Dāʾūd, or “David”, since it provides the most extensive account of the Prophet David in the Quran.
From one perspective, the opening verses are a response to the claim of the disbelievers in 37:168–69: If only we had a reminder from those of old, then we would indeed be God’s sincere servants. V. 1 alludes to the fact that the Quran contains what they claim to desire, but v. 2 explains that they will not accept it, because of their disposition toward vainglory and schism. From another perspective, this sūrah follows upon the promise that God’s host will surely be victorious (37:173) in that it begins by denouncing the Quraysh as a mere host among the parties yonder routed (v. 11), refers to other tribes that were routed for their defiance (vv. 12–16), and then shows the ways in which different prophets triumphed over the trials sent to them by God.
Ṣād begins by denouncing the Quraysh for their disbelief in the Prophet Muhammad and questioning the internal logic of their beliefs (vv. 1–11). A general recounting of the fate that befell the parties who had denied previous prophets (vv. 12–16) then leads into accounts of the trials that confronted the prophets David (vv. 17–26), Solomon (vv. 30–40), and Job (vv. 41–44). A brief mention of other prophets (vv. 45–48) then segues into a discussion of the blessings of Paradise (vv. 49–54), the punishments of Hell (vv. 55–61), and the way the denizens of Hell wonder why those whom they had thought to be astray are not in Hell with them (vv. 62–64). A brief affirmation of God’s Omnipotence and the Prophet’s inability to produce anything more than what God has revealed to him (vv. 65–70) introduces the last section (vv. 71–85), which discusses the creation of Adam, God’s commanding the angels to prostrate to him, and the refusal of Iblīs, or Satan, to do so. The sūrah closes with a final address in which the Prophet is instructed to promise the Quraysh that they will eventually know the truth of the revelation (vv. 86–88).
(source: “The Study Quran” a new translation and commentary by Seyyed Hossein Nasr)
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